By Shilpa Susan John, Research Officer, C3S. An occasional Paper is a single topic research summary of the knowledge surrounding an issue or a problem. It summarises the issue giving clear, concise, and complete information describing all facets of a particular issue including a detailed illustration in the form of images, data, and facts. It also includes recommendations for action and predictions on the future course of an issue. Abstract The landscape of global developmen

By Mr. Cris Fernando Anand Perez, C3S Research Intern Introduction The contemporary international system is undergoing a fundamental reconstruction, where rigid structures of formal institutions of multilateralism are being challenged by the “Bypassing the Bureaucracy” of social relations. For decades, the international system was defined by the legalistic, proceduralized interactions with institutions. However, the system is increasingly finding these formal institutions wit

By Mr. Pruthvi G More, C3S Research Intern Introduction Ever since China declared its goal of becoming a maritime power back in 2012, it has aggressively and proactively advanced towards achieving it through domestic lawfare, a core component of the PLA’s “Three arfares” doctrine coupled with naval modernisation at breakneck speed. Beijing has now moved beyond merely guarding its coastline; given that its colossal economy is almost entirely dependent on seaborne trade, this i

By Shubhi Malhotra and Dr. Adityanjee Image Courtesy: China US Focus Introduction In diplomacy, the calendar is rarely incidental. When Russian President Vladimir Putin touched down in Beijing on the evening of May 19, 2026, for his 25th visit to China, the direction of events surrounding the trip carried a message as deliberate as it can be. His arrival came barely four days after U.S. President Donald Trump had concluded his own two-day summit with Chinese leader Xi Jinping